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Effective with the release of January 2021 data on February 17, 2021, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) updated the weight allocations used to calculate its Final Demand–Intermediate Demand (FD–ID) Producer Price Indexes (PPI). PPI weights continue to be based on shipment values from the 2012 economic census. However, to more accurately reflect recent sales patterns, BLS changed the proportion of these weights allocated to the various FD–ID categories to base them on data published in the 2012 Input–Output (I–O) Accounts from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The allocations were previously based on the 2007 I-O Accounts. This update affects all portions of the PPI FD-ID system: final demand indexes, intermediate demand by commodity type indexes, and intermediate demand by production flow indexes.
This notice discusses updates to final demand and intermediate demand by commodity type indexes together and then describes updates to the intermediate demand by production flow indexes.[1]
The allocation update will not change the PPI classification system, reference base, aggregation structure, or historical index data. The update does cause some significant, though not unexpected, shifts in the relative importance of component series in the FD–ID system. Appendix A of this report presents some of these more noteworthy shifts.
The primary data source used in the weight allocations of the PPI commodity FD–ID indexes by commodity type is the Use of commodities by industries, before redefinition table (hereafter known as the use table). [2] The use table shows—for each commodity group—the dollar value (in millions of dollars at producers' prices) used by each industry and final user.
BLS analysts convert these dollar values of use to percentages and sum them to 100 percent for each I–O commodity group. Analysts truncate individual values of less than 0.5 percent and normalize the residual values.
BLS analysts then determine the FD–ID categories that correspond to the uses of each commodity group in the I–O table. Next, analysts analyze each detailed record on the I–O table and assign it to one or more of the detailed FD–ID codes. These assignments combine information about the type of use indicated in the table and informed judgment by BLS analysts relating to definitions of the FD–ID categories. The next section of this article includes these definitions. Only the lowest level FD–ID codes are used in the assignment process. Analysts do not make direct assignments to the higher level FD–ID codes (for example, FD4 Final Demand). These higher level indexes are calculated through aggregation of the lower level FD–ID indexes.
To make the FD–ID assignments, the analyst determines
BLS analysts assign FD–ID weight allocations at the PPI 6-digit commodity group level, because this is the level used for building the lowest level FD–ID indexes. In the next step, analysts match the 6-digit PPI codes with I–O codes in the BEA use table, using a concordance between the PPI and the North American Standard Industrial Classification System (NAICS). BEA I–O data are generally classified according to NAICS. BEA provides a concordance between the NAICS and the I–O industry and commodity codes, which further enhances the match. Next, BLS analysts apply the percentage allocations by FD–ID for each PPI 6-digit code to the total value weight of the 6-digit commodity. The resultant products are used in their respective FD–ID aggregations for index calculation. Relative importance weights are then calculated for component 6-digit series in the PPI by FD–ID. [3]
Type of buyer and type of commodity are two concepts inherent in the Final Demand—Intermediate Demand by Commodity Type categorization.
The two main buyer types are final-demand buyers and intermediate-demand buyers.
The four main type of commodities are unprocessed goods, processed goods, services, and construction.
The Final Demand–Intermediate Demand (by commodity type) system consists of five major portions differentiated by the type of commodity and class of buyer. The five major FD–ID categories are processed goods for intermediate demand; unprocessed goods for intermediate demand; services for intermediate demand; construction for intermediate demand, and final demand.
The full Final Demand–Intermediate Demand by Commodity Type structure is provided below. Direct weight allocations are made to the FD–ID categories which are italicized. Definitions of the detailed indexes follow the listing of their respective structure.
Processed Goods for Intermediate Demand
Materials and Components for Manufacturing
Materials for Manufacturing
Materials for Food Manufacturing
Materials for Nondurable Manufacturing
Materials for Durable Manufacturing
Components for Manufacturing
Components for Nondurable Manufacturing
Components for Durable Manufacturing
Materials and Components for Construction
Materials for Construction
Components for Construction
Processed Fuels and Lubricants for Intermediate Demand
Processed Fuels and Lubricants for Manufacturing Industries
Processed Fuels and Lubricants for Nonmanufacturing Industries
Containers for Intermediate Demand
Supplies for Intermediate Demand
Supplies to Manufacturing Industries
Supplies to Nonmanufacturing Industries
Supplies to Nonmanufacturing Industries, Feeds
Supplies to Nonmanufacturing Industries, Other than Feeds
contains partially processed food products that must undergo further preparation before reaching the final customer. Examples of materials for food manufacturing include milk products, canned or frozen fruits and vegetables, processed sugars, and certain chemicals.
contains partially processed products that will undergo further preparation or usage in the manufacture of goods which have a life expectancy of less than 3 years. Examples of materials for nondurables manufacturing include cotton yarn used for shirts and woodpulp used to make paper.
contains partially processed products that will undergo further preparation or usage in the manufacture of goods that have a life expectancy of more than 3 years. Examples of materials for durable manufacturing include textile materials, lumber, metals, and cement.
includes products, such as buttons and springs that are completely finished except for installation or assembly into a larger nondurable item. Nondurable goods are considered to have a life expectancy of less than 3 years.
includes products, such as pumps, valves, and fittings that are completely finished except for installation or assembly into a larger durable item. Durable goods are considered to have a life expectancy of 3 years or more.
includes partially finished products that will undergo further preparation into a construction product. This usage is specifically defined in the I-O tables. Examples include lumber, concrete pipe, and architectural coatings.
includes completely finished products that will undergo installation into a construction product. This usage is specifically defined in the I–O tables. Examples include metal doors and water heaters.
includes fuel and related products used in manufacturing industries to generate heat and power and for lubrication. Examples include industrial electric power, industrial natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, and greases and oils.
includes fuel and related products used in nonmanufacturing industries to generate heat and power and for lubrication. Examples include commercial electric power, commercial natural gas, jet fuel, diesel fuel, and greases and oils.
contains paper, wood, plastic, metal, and glass receptacles used to ease the transport of unwieldy items.
includes products consumed in the manufacturing industries during the course of production or distribution of other items but not physically incorporated in those items. These products are distinguished from capital equipment in that they are not amortized. Examples of supplies for manufacturing industries include plastic packaging, small cutting tools, and machinery.
includes feed products consumed by animals in the livestock industry. Examples of manufactured animal feeds include poultry feed, hog feed, vegetable cakes, and meal fee.
includes products used in the nonmanufacturing sector other than the animal feed industry, which are consumed during the course of production or distribution of other items but not physically incorporated in those items. Examples include sedatives for hospitals, tires, motor vehicle parts for auto repair shops, and photographic supplies.
Unprocessed Foodstuffs and Feedstuffs
Unprocessed Nonfood Materials, Except Fuel
Unprocessed Nonfood Materials, Except Fuel to Manufacturing Industries
Unprocessed Nonfood Materials, Except Fuel to Nonmanufacturing Industries
Unprocessed Fuel to Manufacturing Industries
Unprocessed Fuel to Nonmanufacturing Industries
contains basic agricultural products that will undergo some processing prior to becoming completed food products, as well agricultural products consumed directly by the agricultural sector. Examples include fresh fruit that will be canned or raw corn consumed by livestock as animal feed. Other examples would be cattle, hogs, or chickens intended for slaughter, or raw cane sugar that will be refined.
contains minerals, agricultural products, and scrap materials that are intended to be used in a manufacturing process other than manufacturing of foods. Raw cotton that will be turned into yarn, or aluminum base scrap that will end up as refined aluminum, are examples of this category. Crude petroleum is contained in this grouping rather than in Crude Fuels, because it is not used as a fuel in its crude state; it can be used as a raw material in manufacturing (for example, synthetic rubber or pharmaceuticals). Also included in the category are agricultural inputs to manufactures of pet foods and alcoholic beverages.
includes products such as sand, gravel, and crushed stone primarily used in the construction industry.
contains unrefined energy sources, specifically coal and natural gas, used to generate heat and power in manufacturing industries.
includes coal and natural gas used to generate heat and power in nonmanufacturing industries.
Services less Trade, Transportation, and Warehousing for Intermediate Demand
Services less Trade, Transportation, and Warehousing for Manufacturing Industries
Services less Trade, Transportation, and Warehousing for Nonmanufacturing Industries
Transportation and Warehousing Services for Intermediate Demand
Transportation of Passengers for Intermediate Demand
Transportation of Passengers for Manufacturing Industries
Transportation of Passengers for Nonmanufacturing Industries
Transportation and Warehousing of Goods for Intermediate Demand
Transportation of Goods for Manufacturing Industries
Transportation of Goods for Nonmanufacturing Industries
Trade Services for Intermediate Demand
Trade Services for Manufacturing Industries
Trade Services Nonmanufacturing Industries
includes services used by the manufacturing sector other than trade and transportation services. Examples include manufacturing services, such as contract work on textiles and metal coating and allied services, as well as other types of services, including engineering services, truck rental, and software publishing.
includes services used by nonmanufacturing sectors other than trade and transportation services. Financial services, legal services, architectural services, consulting services, and telecommunication services are examples.
composed of business travel services, including railroad and airline passenger services, purchased by nonmanufacturing industries.
includes shipping, services related to shipping, and warehousing services for goods sold to manufacturing industries. Examples include pipeline transportation of petroleum products, long-distance motor carrying, and rail transportation of freight and mail.
includes shipping, services related to shipping, and warehousing services for goods sold to nonmanufacturing industries. Examples include U.S. Postal Service, air transportation of freight, courier and messenger services, and marine cargo handling.
contains retail and wholesale trade services for goods sold to manufacturing industries. For PPI purposes, trade services are a margin service, measured as the difference between selling and acquisition price of the good. Parts and supplies for machinery and equipment wholesaling; metals, mineral, and ores wholesaling; and paper and plastics wholesaling are examples of trade services for manufacturing industries.
contains retail and wholesale trade services for goods sold to nonmanufacturing industries. For PPI purposes, trade services are a margin service, measured as the difference between selling and acquisition price of the good. Examples include hardware and building materials and supplies retailing, chemicals and allied products wholesaling, and automotive parts retailing.
includes maintenance and repair construction purchased by businesses as inputs to construction. Note that all new construction is defined as capital investment and is included under final demand.
Final Demand Foods
Finished Consumer Foods
FD41112
Finished Consumer Foods, Processed
FD41113
Finished Consumer Foods, Crude
Government Purchased Foods
Foods for Export
Final Demand Energy
Finished Consumer Energy Goods
Government Purchased Energy
Energy for Export
Final Demand Goods less Foods and Energy
Finished Goods less Foods and Energy
FD41311
Finished Consumer Goods less Foods and Energy
FD413111
Nondurable Consumer Goods less Foods and Energy
FD413112
Durable Consumer Goods
FD41312
Private Capital Equipment
FD413121
Private Capital Equipment for Manufacturing Industries
FD413122
Private Capital Equipment for Nonmanufacturing Industries
Government Purchased Goods Excluding Foods and Energy
FD41321
Government Purchased Goods Excluding Foods, Energy, and Capital Equipment
FD41322
Government Purchased Capital Equipment
Goods for Export excluding Foods and Energy
Final Demand Services less Trade, Transportation, and Warehousing
Finished Services less Trade, Transportation, and Warehousing
FD42111
Finished Consumer Services less Trade, Transportation, and Warehousing
FD42112
Private Capital Investment Services less Trade, Transportation, and Warehousing
Government Purchased Services less Trade, Transportation, and Warehousing
FD42121
Government Purchased Services less Trade, Transportation, and Warehousing excluding Capital Investment
FD42122
Government Purchased Capital Investment Services less Trade, Transportation, and Warehousing
Services for Export less Trade, Transportation, and Warehousing
Final Demand Transportation and Warehousing Services
Transportation of Passengers for Final Demand
FD42211
Transportation of Private Passengers
FD42212
Transportation of Government Passengers
FD42213
Transportation of Passengers for Export
Transportation and Warehousing of Goods for Final Demand
FD42221
Transportation and Warehousing of Finished Goods
FD422211
Transportation and Warehousing of Personal Consumption Goods
FD422212
Transportation and Warehousing of Private Capital Equipment
FD42222
Transportation and Warehousing of Government Purchased Goods
FD42223
Transportation and Warehousing of Exports
Final Demand Trade Services
Trade of Finished Goods
FD42311
Trade of Personal Consumption Goods
FD42312
Trade of Private Capital Equipment
Trade of Government Purchased Goods
FD42321
Trade of Government Purchased Goods Excluding Capital Equipment
Trade of Government Purchased Capital Equipment
Trade of Exports
Construction for Private Capital Investment
Construction for Government
contains prepared food products that go directly to the consumer. Examples of processed finished foods include bread, packaged fluid milk and related products, candy and nuts, and carbonated drinks.
contains basic food products such as fresh fruits and vegetables that are used in an unprocessed state by the consumer.
includes both processed and unprocessed foods purchased by government.
includes both processed and unprocessed foods sold as export. Examples include oilseeds, corn, and beef and veal.
made up of energy goods, such as residential electric power, residential natural gas, gasoline, and home heating oil, purchased by consumers.
includes energy goods purchased by the government. Examples of government purchased energy goods are jet fuel and diesel fuel.
composed of energy goods sold as exports. Jet fuel, gasoline, and diesel fuel are examples of exported energy goods.
contains nonfood and non-energy products ready for final consumption, with a life expectancy of less than 3 years. Examples include alcoholic beverages, women’s apparel, and cigarettes.
contains nonfood and non-energy products ready for final consumption, with a life expectancy of more than 3 years. Examples include furniture, passenger cars, and appliances.
contains products that will undergo no further processing and are used to manufacture or transport other goods in the manufacturing sector. These products are distinguished by the fact that they are amortized over their useful lives and are identified in the I–O tables as Gross Private Fixed Investment. Examples of capital equipment for the manufacturing industry include industrial molds, motor trucks, tractors, and conveying equipment.
contains products that undergo no further processing and are used in the operation of nonmanufacturing industries. These products are distinguished by the fact that they are amortized over their useful lives and are identified in the I-O tables as Gross Private Fixed Investment. Examples of this category include telephone and telegraph equipment, office furniture, passenger cars bought by leasing companies, and civilian aircraft.
includes government-purchased durable and nondurable goods other than foods, energy, and capital equipment.
contains products that undergo no further processing and are used in the operation of the government. These products are distinguished by the fact that they are amortized over their useful lives and are identified in the I–O tables as Gross Government Fixed Investment. Examples include military aircraft, and search, detection, navigation, and guidance systems and equipment.
composed of unprocessed and processed goods, other than foods and energy, sold as exports. Raw cotton, chemicals, and civilian aircraft are examples of goods for export excluding foods and energy.
includes services other than trade and transportation services purchased by consumers, such as telecommunication services, medical care, insurance, and lodging.
composed of services other than trade, transportation, and warehousing services identified in the I–O tables as Gross Private Fixed Investment. Examples include engineering services, support activities for oil and gas operations, and system software publishing.
includes government-purchased services other than trade, transportation, warehousing, and capital investment services. Examples are legal services and telecommunications services.
composed of government-purchased services other that trade, transportation, and warehousing identified in the I–O tables as Gross Government Fixed Investment. Examples include software publishing and information technology support services.
includes services sold by domestic producers to foreigners other that trade, transportation, and warehousing services. Engineering services and securities, brokerage, and investment advice are examples.
includes consumer travel services, such as airline passenger services and rail transportation of passengers.
composed of travel services sold as exports. An example is airline passenger services.
includes shipping, services related to shipping, and warehousing services for goods eventually sold to consumers. Examples of transportation and warehousing of personal consumption goods are long distance motor carrying, deep sea water transportation of freight, and U.S. Postal Service.
includes shipping, services related to shipping, and warehousing services for goods sold as capital investment. This use category is identified in the I–O tables as Gross Private Fixed Investment.
includes shipping, services related to shipping, and warehousing services for goods sold to government.
includes shipping, services related to shipping, and warehousing services for goods sold as exports.
composed of retail and wholesale trade services for goods sold to manufacturing industries. For PPI purposes, trade services are a margin service, measured as the difference between selling and acquisition price of a good. Examples of personal consumption trade services are apparel wholesaling, food and alcohol retailing, and automotive fuels and lubricant retailing.
includes retail and wholesale trade services for goods sold as capital equipment. Machinery and equipment wholesaling, furnishings wholesaling, and automotive retailing represent examples of private capital equipment trade services.
composed of retail and wholesale trade services for goods sold to government other than capital equipment. For PPI purposes, trade services are a margin service, measured as the difference between selling and acquisition price of the good. Examples include chemicals and allied products wholesaling and parts and supplies for machinery wholesaling.
includes retail and wholesale trade services for goods sold to government as capital equipment. For PPI purposes, trade services are a margin service, measured as the difference between selling and acquisition price of a good. Examples of trade of government purchased capital investment are machinery and equipment wholesaling and furnishing wholesaling.
includes retail and wholesale trade services for goods sold as exports. For PPI purposes, trade services are a margin service, measured as the difference between selling and acquisition price of the good. Examples include machinery and equipment wholesaling and alcohol wholesaling.
includes construction identified in the I-O tables as Gross Private Fixed Investment. All new construction is identified in the I–O tables as fixed investment. Examples include new office building construction, new industrial building construction, and new healthcare building construction.
composed of all construction purchased by the government. New school building construction and maintenance and repair of nonresidential buildings are examples of construction for government.
The intermediate demand by production flow portion of the FD-ID system reorganizes into four stages of production the same set of intermediate demand commodities included in the intermediate demand by commodity type portion of the system. The stages are developed such that commodities in one stage are used as inputs to produce commodities in the next stage. The stage-based treatment of intermediate demand allows data users to study price transmission relationships between the intermediate stages of production as well as the relationship to final demand.
To construct the intermediate demand by production flow indexes, a five-step procedure is followed. The procedure utilizes both BEA Make of commodities by industries and Use of commodities by industries, before redefinition tables. Both tables are included in the Benchmark Input-Output Accounts of the United States, 2012, published by BEA. As stated earlier, Use of commodities by industries, before redefinition shows—for each commodity—the dollar value (in millions of dollars at producers’ prices) used by each industry and final user. The Make of commodities by industries table indicates the dollar value (in millions of dollars at producers’ prices) of each commodity made by each industry.
The first step in the procedure is to determine the total production of each industry in the economy. In general, industries are classified as primary producers of specific goods or services; however, industries may also be secondary producers of other goods or services. A firm classified in the automobile industry, for example, produces primarily automobiles, but the same firm may also produce and sell additional commodities, such as car parts, scrap metal, or car rentals. These additional commodities are classified as secondary production. The first step therefore requires determining both the primary production and secondary production of each industry in the economy. The 2012 BEA Make of commodities by industries table was used for this purpose.
The second step is to ascertain where the total output of each industry is consumed. This step requires determining, for each industry, the portion of the industry output consumed as final demand and the portion consumed as intermediate demand. For the intermediate-demand portion, determining which specific industries are consuming the industry’s output also is required. BEA 2012 Use of commodities by industries, before redefinition data were employed to make this determination.
The third step in developing stages is to assign industries to stages of production. Within a stage-based system, transactions can be classified as forward flow, backflow, or internal flow. Forward flow occurs when an industry sells its output to an industry classified in a forward stage of production (to be used as an input) or to final demand. Internal flow occurs when an industry sells its output to be used as an input by another industry classified within the same stage of production. Backflow occurs when an industry sells its output to be used as an input by an industry classified in an earlier stage of production in the system. To successfully develop a forward-flowing system of price change, industries should be assigned to stages in a manner that minimizes backflow and internal flow while maximizing forward flow within the system. Towards this end, PPI assigned all industries included in the BEA I-O tables to stages in a manner that attempted to maximize net forward flow of the system. Net forward flow is defined as:
The PPI program implements a two-step procedure to attempt to maximize net forward flow. In the first step, a set of rules is used to assign industries to stages and select the appropriate number of stages for the system. The system that the PPI program eventually chose is a four-stage system. The set of rules used to assign industries to the four stages is summarized as follows:
Before selecting the number of stages and set of rules just described, the PPI program examined many different sets of rules and numbers of stages. It eventually chose the aforementioned system because it maximized net forward flow as compared with other sets of rules examined. [4]
After the assignment of industries to stages by use of the aforementioned rules, the second step in the procedure to maximize net forward flow was to examine the effects on net forward flow of moving individual industries to stages other than that to which they were originally assigned. In cases in which there were substantial gains to net forward flow, industries were left in the new stage.
The PPI production-flow-based system exhibits strong forward flow and little backflow: 83.3 percent of transactions in the system are forward flowing, 5.6 percent are back flowing, and 11.1 percent are internally flowing.
The fourth step in constructing the production-flow-based intermediate demand indexes is to determine the commodities to be included and weights to be used in the intermediate demand indexes. The four main indexes in the production flow system are
These indexes track prices for the inputs consumed by industries in each of the four stages of production. They do not track prices for the output produced by industries in each of the four stages of production. For example, the stage 4 intermediate demand index tracks price change for inputs consumed by industries included in the fourth stage of production. Recall that industries classified in the fourth stage of production mostly produce goods sold to final demand. The stage 4 intermediate demand index therefore measures price change in the inputs to production of industries that produce primarily final-demand commodities.
The BEA Use of commodities by industries, before redefinition table is used to determine the set of commodities consumed by industries in each of the four stages. The use table indicates the commodities consumed by industries in terms of BEA I-O codes. Since FD-ID indexes are constructed from 6-digit PPI commodity group level indexes, BEA I-O codes are matched to 6-digit PPI codes through use of a concordance between the PPI commodity codes and BEA I-O data. In the end, through the BEA use table and the PPI/I-O concordance, the set of 6-digit PPI commodities consumed by each stage is determined, and these are the commodities that compose each of the four stages of intermediate demand included in the production flow model. The final step in developing the production flow indexes is to convert the indexes from gross weighted indexes to net weighted indexes. Net weighting is accomplished by removing transactions in which an input is both produced and consumed within a given stage. Net weighting eliminates multiple counting of price change from the production flow price indexes. Net weights are developed using both the BEA Use of commodities by industries and Make of commodities by industries tables.
Appendix B, Table 1 presents the updated industry stage assignments based on 2007 I-O data. Appendix B, Table 2 presents shifts in industry stage assignments between 2002 and 2007 I-O data.
Prepared bituminous coal and lignite
Trucks, truck tractors, & bus chassis 14,000 lb or less, incl. minivans & suvs
Affiliate agreements, programming sales, and retransmission fees for cable and broadcast tv
Internet advertising sales, excluding Internet advertising sold by print publishers
Securities brokerage, dealing, and investment advice
Administrative and general management consulting services
Processed Goods for Intermediate Demand
Pharmaceuticals acting on the central nervous system and the sense organs
Sanitary paper products, including stock
Other aircraft parts and equipment
Unprocessed Goods for Intermediate Demand
Prepared bituminous coal and lignite
Affiliate agreements, programming sales, and retransmission fees for cable and broadcast tv
Internet advertising sales, excluding Internet advertising sold by print publishers
Cellular phone and other wireless telecommunication services
Securities brokerage, dealing, and investment advice
The following table presents the final industry stage assignments of the PPI production flow model on the basis of 2012 BEA I–O data. Stage 1 includes 65 industries, stage 2 contains 76 industries, stage 3 includes 125 industries, and stage 4 contains 133 industries.
Support activities for agriculture and forestry
Copper, nickel, lead, and zinc mining
Synthetic dye and pigment manufacturing
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
Pesticide and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
Laminated plastics plate, sheet (except packaging), and shape manufacturing
Lime and gypsum product manufacturing
Ground or treated mineral and earth manufacturing
Steel product manufacturing from purchased steel
Alumina refining and primary aluminum production
Secondary smelting and alloying of aluminum
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining
Copper rolling, drawing, extruding and alloying
Nonferrous metal (except copper and aluminum) rolling, drawing, extruding and alloying
Spring and wire product manufacturing
Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media
Carbon and graphite product manufacturing
Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers
Cable and other subscription programming
Insurance agencies, brokerages, and related activities
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment rental and leasing
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services
Advertising, public relations, and related services
Management of companies and enterprises
Services to buildings and dwellings
Independent artists, writers, and performers
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance
Personal and household goods repair and maintenance
Iron, gold, silver, and other metal ore mining
Other nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying
Scenic and sightseeing transportation and support activities for transportation
Monetary authorities and depository credit intermediation
Other computer related services, including facilities management
Environmental and other technical consulting services
All other miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services
Dairy cattle and milk production
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution
Soybean and other oilseed processing
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
Textile and fabric finishing and fabric coating mills
Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product manufacturing
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing
All other converted paper product manufacturing
Other petroleum and coal products manufacturing
Plastics material and resin manufacturing
Plastics packaging materials and unlaminated film and sheet manufacturing
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing
Metal crown, closure, and other metal stamping (except automotive)
Ornamental and architectural metal products manufacturing
Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing
Plumbing fixture fitting and trim manufacturing
Ball and roller bearing manufacturing
Fabricated pipe and pipe fitting manufacturing
Industrial and commercial fan and blower and air purification equipment manufacturing
Speed changer, industrial high-speed drive, and gear manufacturing
Mechanical power transmission equipment manufacturing
Semiconductor and related device manufacturing
Printed circuit assembly (electronic assembly) manufacturing
Communication and energy wire and cable manufacturing
Motion picture and video industries
Internet publishing and broadcasting and Web search portals
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets
Architectural, engineering, and related services
Waste management and remediation services
Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance
Beef cattle ranching and farming, including feedlots and dual-purpose ranching and farming
Animal production, except cattle and poultry and eggs
Synthetic rubber and artificial and synthetic fibers and filaments manufacturing
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
Aluminum product manufacturing from purchased aluminum
All other forging, stamping, and sintering
Other durable goods merchant wholesalers
Other nondurable goods merchant wholesalers
Directory, mailing list, and other publishers
Nondepository credit intermediation and related activities
Insurance carriers, except direct life
State and local government electric utilities
Fruit and tree nut farming
Greenhouse, nursery, and floriculture production
Water, sewage and other systems
Flour milling and malt manufacturing
Fats and oils refining and blending
Sugar and confectionery product manufacturing
Dry, condensed, and evaporated dairy product manufacturing
Ice cream and frozen dessert manufacturing
Seafood product preparation and packaging
Flavoring syrup and concentrate manufacturing
Asphalt paving mixture and block manufacturing
Asphalt shingle and coating materials manufacturing
Other basic organic chemical manufacturing
Biological product (except diagnostic) manufacturing
Plastics pipe, pipe fitting, and unlaminated profile shape manufacturing
Urethane and other foam product (except polystyrene) manufacturing
Rubber and plastics hoses and belting manufacturing
Clay product and refractory manufacturing
Glass and glass product manufacturing
Concrete pipe, brick, and block manufacturing
Cut stone and stone product manufacturing
Plate work and fabricated structural product manufacturing
Power boiler and heat exchanger manufacturing
Metal tank (heavy gauge) manufacturing
Metal can, box, and other metal container (light gauge) manufacturing
Other commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing
Heating equipment (except warm air furnaces) manufacturing
Air conditioning, refrigeration, and warm air heating equipment manufacturing
Computer terminals and other computer peripheral equipment manufacturing
Totalizing fluid meter and counting device manufacturing
Electricity and signal testing instruments manufacturing
Electric lamp bulb and part manufacturing
Other major household appliance manufacturing
Switchgear and switchboard apparatus manufacturing
Relay and industrial control manufacturing
All other miscellaneous electrical equipment and component manufacturing
Motor vehicle gasoline engine and engine parts manufacturing
Motor vehicle electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing
Motor vehicle transmission and power train parts manufacturing
Motor vehicle seating and interior trim manufacturing
Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
Aircraft engine and engine parts manufacturing
Other aircraft parts and auxiliary equipment manufacturing
Wood kitchen cabinet and countertop manufacturing
Showcase, partition, shelving, and locker manufacturing
Surgical and medical instrument manufacturing
Surgical appliance and supplies manufacturing
Dental equipment and supplies manufacturing
Office supplies (except paper) manufacturing
Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies
Professional and commercial equipment and supplies
Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods
Drugs and druggists’ sundries
Grocery and related product wholesalers
Motor vehicle and parts dealers
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers
Transit and ground passenger transportation
Wireless telecommunications carriers (except satellite)
Data processing, hosting, and related services
Automotive equipment rental and leasing
Travel arrangement and reservation services
Other ambulatory health care services
Fluid milk and butter manufacturing
Animal (except poultry) slaughtering, rendering, and processing
All other wood product manufacturing
Valve and fittings other than plumbing
Cutting and machine tool accessory, rolling mill, and other metalworking machinery manufacturing
Motor vehicle steering, suspension component (except spring), and brake systems manufacturing
Propulsion units and parts for space vehicles and guided missiles
Office furniture and custom architectural woodwork and millwork manufacturing
News syndicates, libraries, archives and all other information services
Securities and commodity contracts intermediation and brokerage
General and consumer goods rental
Promoters of performing arts and sports and agents for public figures
All other food and drinking places
State and local government passenger transit
Other state and local government enterprises
Drilling oil and gas wells
Dog and cat food manufacturing
Fruit and vegetable canning, pickling, and drying
Bread and bakery product manufacturing
Soft drink and ice manufacturing
Leather and allied product manufacturing
Soap and cleaning compound manufacturing
Farm machinery and equipment manufacturing
Lawn and garden equipment manufacturing
Mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing
Optical instrument and lens manufacturing
Photographic and photocopying equipment manufacturing
Special tool, die, jig, and fixture manufacturing
Turbine and turbine generator set units manufacturing
Air and gas compressor manufacturing
Industrial process furnace and oven manufacturing
Broadcast and wireless communications equipment
Audio and video equipment manufacturing
Electromedical and electrotherapeutic apparatus manufacturing
Search, detection, and navigation instruments manufacturing
Industrial process variable instruments manufacturing
Household refrigerator and home freezer manufacturing
Power, distribution, and specialty transformer manufacturing
Light truck and utility vehicle manufacturing
Travel trailer and camper manufacturing
Guided missile and space vehicle manufacturing
Motorcycle, bicycle, and parts manufacturing
Military armored vehicle, tank, and tank component manufacturing
All other transportation equipment manufacturing
Nonupholstered wood household furniture manufacturing
Other furniture related product manufacturing
Sporting and athletic goods manufacturing
Doll, toy, and game manufacturing
Health and personal care stores
Clothing and clothing accessories stores
Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles
Scientific research and development services
Offices of other health practitioners
Museums, historical sites, zoos, and parks
Gambling industries (except casino hotels)
Other amusement and recreation industries
Other support activities for mining
Transportation structures and highways and streets
Cookie, cracker, pasta, and tortilla manufacturing
Ammunition, arms, ordnance, and accessories manufacturing
Pump and pumping equipment manufacturing
Other general purpose machinery manufacturing
Watch, clock, and other measuring and controlling device manufacturing
Satellite, telecommunications resellers, and all other telecommunications
Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools
Nursing and community care facilities
Residential mental health, substance abuse, and other residential care facilities
Community food, housing, and other relief services, including rehabilitation services
Grantmaking, giving, and social advocacy organizations
Civic, social, professional, and similar organizations
To examine industry shifts resulting from the FD-ID allocations update, the following table compares industry stage assignments, based 2007 I-O data, with the current assignments, based on 2012 I-O data.
Fruit and tree nut farming
Greenhouse, nursery, and floriculture production
Dairy cattle and milk production
Beef cattle ranching and farming, including feedlots and dual-purpose ranching and farming
Animal production, except cattle and poultry and eggs
Support activities for agriculture and forestry
Copper, nickel, lead, and zinc mining
Iron, gold, silver, and other metal ore mining
Other nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying
Drilling oil and gas wells
Other support activities for mining
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution
Water, sewage and other systems
Transportation structures and highways and streets
Dog and cat food manufacturing
Flour milling and malt manufacturing
Soybean and other oilseed processing
Fats and oils refining and blending
Sugar and confectionery product manufacturing
Fruit and vegetable canning, pickling, and drying
Dry, condensed, and evaporated dairy product manufacturing
Fluid milk and butter manufacturing
Ice cream and frozen dessert manufacturing
Animal (except poultry) slaughtering, rendering, and processing
Seafood product preparation and packaging
Bread and bakery product manufacturing
Cookie, cracker, pasta, and tortilla manufacturing
Flavoring syrup and concentrate manufacturing
Soft drink and ice manufacturing
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
Textile and fabric finishing and fabric coating mills
Leather and allied product manufacturing
Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product manufacturing
All other wood product manufacturing
Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing
All other converted paper product manufacturing
Asphalt paving mixture and block manufacturing
Asphalt shingle and coating materials manufacturing
Other petroleum and coal products manufacturing
Synthetic dye and pigment manufacturing
Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
Other basic organic chemical manufacturing
Plastics material and resin manufacturing
Synthetic rubber and artificial and synthetic fibers and filaments manufacturing
Pesticide and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
Biological product (except diagnostic) manufacturing
Soap and cleaning compound manufacturing
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
Plastics packaging materials and unlaminated film and sheet manufacturing
Plastics pipe, pipe fitting, and unlaminated profile shape manufacturing
Laminated plastics plate, sheet (except packaging), and shape manufacturing
Urethane and other foam product (except polystyrene) manufacturing
Rubber and plastics hoses and belting manufacturing
Clay product and refractory manufacturing
Glass and glass product manufacturing
Concrete pipe, brick, and block manufacturing
Lime and gypsum product manufacturing
Cut stone and stone product manufacturing
Ground or treated mineral and earth manufacturing
Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing
Steel product manufacturing from purchased steel
Alumina refining and primary aluminum production
Secondary smelting and alloying of aluminum
Aluminum product manufacturing from purchased aluminum
Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining
Copper rolling, drawing, extruding and alloying
Nonferrous metal (except copper and aluminum) rolling, drawing, extruding and alloying
Metal crown, closure, and other metal stamping (except automotive)
All other forging, stamping, and sintering
Plate work and fabricated structural product manufacturing
Ornamental and architectural metal products manufacturing
Power boiler and heat exchanger manufacturing
Metal tank (heavy gauge) manufacturing
Metal can, box, and other metal container (light gauge) manufacturing
Spring and wire product manufacturing
Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing
Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities
Plumbing fixture fitting and trim manufacturing
Valve and fittings other than plumbing
Ball and roller bearing manufacturing
Fabricated pipe and pipe fitting manufacturing
Ammunition, arms, ordnance, and accessories manufacturing
Farm machinery and equipment manufacturing
Lawn and garden equipment manufacturing
Mining and oil and gas field machinery manufacturing
Optical instrument and lens manufacturing
Photographic and photocopying equipment manufacturing
Other commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing
Industrial and commercial fan and blower and air purification equipment manufacturing
Heating equipment (except warm air furnaces) manufacturing
Air conditioning, refrigeration, and warm air heating equipment manufacturing
Special tool, die, jig, and fixture manufacturing
Cutting and machine tool accessory, rolling mill, and other metalworking machinery manufacturing
Turbine and turbine generator set units manufacturing
Speed changer, industrial high-speed drive, and gear manufacturing
Mechanical power transmission equipment manufacturing
Air and gas compressor manufacturing
Pump and pumping equipment manufacturing
Industrial process furnace and oven manufacturing
Other general purpose machinery manufacturing
Computer terminals and other computer peripheral equipment manufacturing
Broadcast and wireless communications equipment
Audio and video equipment manufacturing
Semiconductor and related device manufacturing
Printed circuit assembly (electronic assembly) manufacturing
Electromedical and electrotherapeutic apparatus manufacturing
Search, detection, and navigation instruments manufacturing
Industrial process variable instruments manufacturing
Totalizing fluid meter and counting device manufacturing
Electricity and signal testing instruments manufacturing
Watch, clock, and other measuring and controlling device manufacturing
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media
Electric lamp bulb and part manufacturing
Household refrigerator and home freezer manufacturing
Other major household appliance manufacturing
Power, distribution, and specialty transformer manufacturing
Switchgear and switchboard apparatus manufacturing
Relay and industrial control manufacturing
Communication and energy wire and cable manufacturing
Carbon and graphite product manufacturing
All other miscellaneous electrical equipment and component manufacturing
Light truck and utility vehicle manufacturing
Travel trailer and camper manufacturing
Motor vehicle gasoline engine and engine parts manufacturing
Motor vehicle electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing
Motor vehicle transmission and power train parts manufacturing
Motor vehicle seating and interior trim manufacturing
Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing
Motor vehicle steering, suspension component (except spring), and brake systems manufacturing
Aircraft engine and engine parts manufacturing
Other aircraft parts and auxiliary equipment manufacturing
Guided missile and space vehicle manufacturing
Propulsion units and parts for space vehicles and guided missiles
Motorcycle, bicycle, and parts manufacturing
Military armored vehicle, tank, and tank component manufacturing
All other transportation equipment manufacturing
Wood kitchen cabinet and countertop manufacturing
Nonupholstered wood household furniture manufacturing
Showcase, partition, shelving, and locker manufacturing
Office furniture and custom architectural woodwork and millwork manufacturing
Other furniture related product manufacturing
Surgical and medical instrument manufacturing
Surgical appliance and supplies manufacturing
Dental equipment and supplies manufacturing
Sporting and athletic goods manufacturing
Doll, toy, and game manufacturing
Office supplies (except paper) manufacturing
Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies
Professional and commercial equipment and supplies
Household appliances and electrical and electronic goods
Other durable goods merchant wholesalers
Drugs and druggists’ sundries
Grocery and related product wholesalers
Other nondurable goods merchant wholesalers
Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers
Motor vehicle and parts dealers
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers
Health and personal care stores
Clothing and clothing accessories stores
Transit and ground passenger transportation
Scenic and sightseeing transportation and support activities for transportation
Directory, mailing list, and other publishers
Motion picture and video industries
Cable and other subscription programming
Wireless telecommunications carriers (except satellite)
Satellite, telecommunications resellers, and all other telecommunications
Data processing, hosting, and related services
Internet publishing and broadcasting and Web search portals
News syndicates, libraries, archives and all other information services
Nondepository credit intermediation and related activities
Securities and commodity contracts intermediation and brokerage
Insurance carriers, except direct life
Insurance agencies, brokerages, and related activities
Funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles
Monetary authorities and depository credit intermediation
Automotive equipment rental and leasing
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment rental and leasing
General and consumer goods rental
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services
Architectural, engineering, and related services
Other computer related services, including facilities management
Environmental and other technical consulting services
Scientific research and development services
Advertising, public relations, and related services
All other miscellaneous professional, scientific, and technical services
Management of companies and enterprises
Travel arrangement and reservation services
Services to buildings and dwellings
Waste management and remediation services
Junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools
Offices of other health practitioners
Other ambulatory health care services
Nursing and community care facilities
Residential mental health, substance abuse, and other residential care facilities
Community food, housing, and other relief services, including rehabilitation services
Independent artists, writers, and performers
Promoters of performing arts and sports and agents for public figures
Museums, historical sites, zoos, and parks
Gambling industries (except casino hotels)
Other amusement and recreation industries
All other food and drinking places
Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance
Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance
Personal and household goods repair and maintenance
Grantmaking, giving, and social advocacy organizations
Civic, social, professional, and similar organizations
State and local government passenger transit
State and local government electric utilities
Other state and local government enterprises
[1] For a detailed description of the FD–ID system as well as other information pertaining to the system, please visit https://www.bls.gov/ppi/fd-id/home.htm. ↩
[2] This table is found in Benchmark Input–Output Accounts of the United States, 2012, published by BEA at https://www.bea.gov/industry/input-output-accounts-data. ↩
[3] In many cases, the same commodity is purchased by different buyer types, so commodities are often included in several FD–ID indexes. For example, regular gasoline is purchased for personal consumption, export, government use, and business use. The PPI program publishes only one commodity index for regular gasoline, reflecting sales to all types of buyers. It is this index that is used in all FD–ID aggregations, regardless of whether the gasoline is sold for personal consumption, as an export, to government, or to businesses, with differences accounted for in the applicable weights to each aggregate FD or ID index. In some cases, buyer type is an important price determining characteristic and results in commodity indexes being created on that basis. For example, within the PPI category for loan services, separate indexes for consumer loans and business loans were constructed. In this case, the commodity index for consumer loans would be included in the final–demand index, and the commodity index for business loans would fall under intermediate demand. ↩
[4] For a detailed description of the methodology used to develop the PPI production flow model, see https://www.bls.gov/ppi/fd-id/2002-bea-data-analysis-for-the-development-of-the-experimental-ppi-aggregation-system.pd. ↩
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